Pa. DEP Operator eLearning Center

A biological treatment process in which a mixture of wastewater and activated sludge is agitated and aerated. The activated sludge is subsequently separated from the treated wastewater by settlement and recycled or wasted. Although the configuration of activated sludge plants vary, the activated sludge process includes one or more aerated reactors that keep the solids in suspension; a liquid-solids separation device known as a clarifier; and a method of recycling the separated sludge from the clarifier back to the aerated reactor(s).

• (BNR01) Nitrification and Denitrification – An Introduction to Nitrogen Removal (1485) <\li>
• (BNR02) Nitrification Factors — Suspended Growth Treatment Systems (1821)
• (BIO10) Estimating Sludge Volume (2343) <\ul><\li>

The accumulation of one material on the surface of another material through physical bonds

• (COA01) Coagulation – Part 1: The Chemistry of Coagulation (1248)
• (DBP43) Jar Testing for Process Control of Conventional Filtration: Part 1 (2019)

Consists of additional biological or chemical treatment processes (beyond secondary treatment) that are employed to remove constituents such as nitrogen and phosphorus, that are not reduced significantly as a result of secondary treatment. Any process of water renovation that upgrades treated wastewater to meet specific reuse requirements. May include general cleanup of water or removal of specific parts or wastes insufficiently removed by conventional treatment processes. Typical processes include chemical treatment and pressure filtration.

• (BNR01) Nitrification and Denitrification – An Introduction to Nitrogen Removal (1485)
• (BNR02) Nitrification Factors — Suspended Growth Treatment Systems (1821)
• (BIO10) Estimating Sludge Volume (2343)

Also called aerobes Bacteria that must have molecular (dissolved) oxygen to survive. Bacteria that will live and reproduce only in an environment containing oxygen, which is available for their respiration (breathing), namely atmospheric oxygen or oxygen dissolved in water. Oxygen combined chemically, such as in water molecules (H2O), cannot be used for respiration by aerobic bacteria.

• (BIO10) Estimating Sludge Volume (2343)

The annual whole biosolids application rate designed to:

• Provide the amount of nitrogen needed by the food crop, feed crop, fiber crop, silviculture crop, cover crop, horticulture crop or vegetation grown on the land.
• Minimize the amount of nitrogen in the biosolids that passes below the root zone of the crop or vegetation grown on the land to the groundwater.

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• (BIO01) Biosolids Agronomic Loading Rates Part 1 (1247)
• (BIO02) Biosolids Agronomic Loading Rates Part 2 – Manure (1484)

1. A measure of the ability of water to neutralize an acid. It is measured in terms of calcium carbonate, CaCO₃, present in the water.
   • (COA01) Coagulation – Part 1: The Chemistry of Coagulation (1248)
   • (COA02) Coagulation – Part 2: Coagulation Chemicals (1249)
   • (DBP40) Enhanced Coagulation – Basics (1280)
   • (DBP43) Jar Testing for Process Control of Conventional Filtration: Part 1 (2019)
2. A measure of the ability of water or wastewater to neutralize acids. It is measured in terms of calcium carbonate, CaCO₃, present in the water. Alkalinity, which is expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate, is not the same as pH because water does not have to be strongly basic (high pH) to have a high alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure of how much acid must be added to a liquid to lower the pH to 4.5.
   • (BNR01) Nitrification and Denitrification – An Introduction to Nitrogen Removal (1485)
   • (BNR02) Nitrification Factors – Suspended Growth Treatment Systems (1821)
3. The capacity of water or wastewater to neutralize acids. This capacity is caused by the water's content of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide and occasionally borate, silicate and phosphate. Alkalinity is expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate. Alkalinity is not the same as pH because water does not have to be strongly basic (high pH) to have a high alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure of how much acid must be added to a liquid to lower the pH to 4.5.
   • (BIO10) Estimating Sludge Volume (2343)

A condition in which dissolved (atmospheric) oxygen is deficient, however, oxygen is available in the combined form (e.g., nitrate, sulfate and carbonate).

• (BNR01) Nitrification and Denitrification – An Introduction to Nitrogen Removal (1485)

Organisms that use inorganic materials for energy and growth.

• (BNR01) Nitrification and Denitrification – An Introduction to Nitrogen Removal (1485)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand — BOD A measure of the oxygen required to break down organic materials in water using biological means. The amount of oxygen required to oxidize any organic matter present in water during a specified period of time, usually 5 days. It is an indirect measure of the amount of organic matter present in water that is used to monitor natural waters and processed effluents discharged into natural waters.

• (BNR01) Nitrification and Denitrification – An Introduction to Nitrogen Removal (1485)
• (BNR02) Nitrification Factors — Suspended Growth Treatment Systems (1821)
• (BIO10) Estimating Sludge Volume (2343)

Microrganisms growing and reproducing in a controlled environment are used to partially stabilize (oxidize) organic matter.

• (BNR01) Nitrification and Denitrification – An Introduction to Nitrogen Removal (1485)
• (BNR02) Nitrification Factors — Suspended Growth Treatment Systems (1821)
• (BIO10) Estimating Sludge Volume (2343)